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Defined when a year has passed since the final menstrual period. This marks the beginning of women’s mature life following approximately 30-45 years of reproductive life. The average age of menopause in western countries is approximately 51. The average age of menopause is younger in smokers and those who have never had children (nulliparous). Low levels of both estrogen and progesterone are normal after menopause.

A natural steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands in response to stress, including dieting, cognitive dietary restraint, situational stress, illness, and intense exercise. High estrogen levels amplify the stress-related production of cortisol. OR a stress hormone made by the adrenal glands. An essential hormone, it functions to maintain blood pressure, assist with fighting infections and preserving health. However, when cortisol levels are too high, as a result of stress, illness, or undernutrition, bone loss results. Cortisol causes increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Progesterone competes for the cortisol receptor on the osteoblast, possibly preventing cortisol from stopping bone growth.